In recent years, pet parents have become more and more aware of what they are feeding their dogs. However, with all of the different dog food formulas and brands, it can be hard to figure out what really makes a dog food nutritious and balanced.
近年来，宠物主们越来越意识狗狗饮食的重要性。 然而，面对琳琅满目狗粮配方和品牌，很难弄清楚究竟哪些是营养全面均衡的狗粮。
This article will explain everything you need to know about dog nutrition and provide a guide for what you need to look for in a dog food.
本文涵盖所有你需要了解的狗狗营养信息，为您挑选狗粮提供指南。
What Goes Into a Nutritional, Balanced Dog Food?
何谓营养均衡狗粮？
A complete and balanced diet includes proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Water is also essential to life and is needed daily. This may seem very simple and easy with the basic ingredients broken down, but understanding how each nutrient is used in a dog’s body, understanding the processes, and knowing how much of each nutrient is needed for a healthy dog at all life stages is very complex.
全面均衡饮食包括蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素和矿物质， 水也是每日所必需品。 虽然这些应该成分看起来很简单，但是每种营养素在狗狗体内的吸收方式、运转流程以及狗狗不同生命阶段所需要营养素含量却是非常复杂的。
In fact, this process is so complex that an entire specialty in veterinary medicine is dedicated to small animal nutrition. But as a pet parent, the main things you need to know about dog food nutrition are:
事实上，这个过程非常复杂，所以才有致力于小动物营养研究的兽医专业和兽医营养学院。作为宠物父母，您只需要了解狗粮营养的主要内容。
The guidelines created by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) for pet foods. The nutrients in your dog’s food and what they do
本文以AAFCO宠物食品营养指南为例，阐述营养均衡狗粮应具备的所有营养素。
AAFCO Nutrient Requirements
AAFCO 营养需求
AAFCO states that are six essential nutrients that are required in order to support life and function in dogs. These are:
AAFCO 指出，维持狗狗生命功能所必需的六种基本营养素分别是：
- Water
水 - Carbohydrates (including fiber)
碳水化合物（包括纤维） - Vitamins
维生素 - Minerals
矿物质 - Fat
脂肪 - Protein
蛋白质
Balanced Dog Food Should Meet Your Dog’s Energy Requirements
营养均衡狗粮应满足狗狗能量需求
Energy requirements for dogs can vary depending on many factors. It is important to meet your dog’s specific energy requirement to sustain their daily lifestyle. Some factors include:
狗狗的能量需求差异性较大。 了解您狗狗的特定能量需求，对于维持日常健康生活非常重要。 导致差异性的因素包括：
- Growth
生长发育 - Reproduction (intact vs. altered)
繁殖状况(是否绝育) - Adult age groups (young, middle, and older)
成犬期（青年 中年 老年） - Activity level
活动量 - Breed
品种 - Medical and behavioral conditions
用药情况和行为状况
A large portion of energy in the diet comes from fats and proteins, followed by carbohydrates. The energy content of a diet determines the quality of the food and how much food should be consumed on a daily basis. The diet should meet the daily energy requirements of your dog’s individual needs.
饮食中的大部分能量来自脂肪和蛋白质，其次是碳水化合物。饮食所含能量决定了每日所需摄入的食物数量。饮食应能够满足您狗狗所需的日常能量需求。
All nutrients should be balanced to ensure they are absorbed properly by the body and appropriately used for each bodily system. If the diet does not supply enough energy, your dog's gastrointestinal tract will physically be unable to consume enough of that diet and they will not be able to get their required nutrients.
均衡所有营养素，确保适当地吸收和利用率。如果饮食不能提供足够能量，狗狗胃肠道将无法消耗足够的食物量，也就无法获得所需的营养。
For example, dogs eating a diet that is high in energy will eat a smaller amount. It is important in this case to ensure that the percentage of other essential nutrients is high enough to meet the smaller volume consumed.
例如，喂食高能量狗粮，狗的食物摄入量会减少。 此时，要确保饮食中其他必要营养素在低摄入的情况也能满足身体所需。
The only way to determine if a diet has enough energy is to undergo a feeding study to ensure that the ingredients are enough to maintain a healthy daily life.
检验饮食能量指标的唯一方法是进行试喂研究，确保成分含量足以维持健康的日常生活。
Protein in Dog Food
狗粮中的蛋白质
Proteins are important in the formation and maintenance of cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. Protein in dog food also assists with muscle, skin, hair, nail, and blood formation.
蛋白质在软骨、肌腱和韧带的形成和保养过程中很重要。 狗粮中的蛋白质还有助于肌肉、皮肤、毛发、指甲和血液的形成。
When protein is broken down, it creates amino acids that are essential nutrients for dogs. Amino acids help create energy for dogs and sustain life. There are 10 essential amino acids that are needed for dogs to maintain a healthy life. These nutrients cannot be created in the body and must be supplied in the diet.
当蛋白质被分解时产生氨基酸，这些氨基酸是狗的必需营养素。 氨基酸有助于产生能量并维持机体运转。狗狗需要10种必需氨基酸来维持健康的生活，而这些营养素必须在饮食中补充。
Sources of Protein in Dog Food
狗粮中蛋白质的来源
Animal protein sources have the highest amounts of essential amino acids. Proteins from plants tend to have a lower digestibility since dogs cannot digest plant fiber as easily as other sources. In theory, dogs can be sustained on a completely plant-based protein diet, but that diet may need various sources of protein in order to reach a daily minimum that can safely be absorbed.
动物蛋白的必需氨基酸含量最高。 植物蛋白往往具有较低的消化率，因为狗狗很难消化植物纤维。 理论上，狗狗可以坚持全植物蛋白质饮食，但这种饮食可能需要补充各种蛋白质来源以满足达到每日最低量。
For the safety of your dog, it is best to consult with a board-certified veterinary nutritionist or a primary care veterinarian who practices nutritional health if you are considering a vegetarian or vegan lifestyle for your dog.
为了狗狗的安全，如果您考虑为狗狗采用素食生活方式，最好咨询正规的兽医营养师。
You should also have a bi-yearly nutritional recheck to ensure that your dog is in good health. These rechecks consist of a physical examination, ideal body weight review, body condition scoring, and blood and gastrointestinal absorption testing.
每两年给狗狗进行一次营养检查，确保它的身体健康， 检查项目包括体格检查、理想体重评估、身体状况评分以及血液和胃肠道吸收检测。
What Does Crude Protein Mean?
何谓粗蛋白？
Crude is just a word to encompass all the ways that protein is calculated and determined in the diet. It does not provide information about the protein quality or the nutritional value of the protein source in your dog’s diet.
粗蛋白质这个词包含了狗粮中计算和决定蛋白质的所有方式，不提供有关蛋白质质量和蛋白质营养价值等信息。
One of many methods used to determine protein quality is the Biological Value (BV). It measures the mass of nitrogen incorporated into the body divided by the mass of nitrogen from protein in the food multiplied by 100.
生物价值法(BV)是测定蛋白质质量的众多方法之一。 测量方法是将机体吸收氮的质量除以食物中蛋白质所含氮的质量再乘以100。
A value of 100% means all of the dietary protein eaten and absorbed becomes protein in the body.
值为 100% 意味着所有摄入和吸收的膳食蛋白质都转化为机体蛋白质。
Protein Quality
蛋白质质量
Protein quality is how much of the protein source is converted into essential amino acids that can be used by the body’s tissue. It is dependent on the:
蛋白质质量是指有多少蛋白质被转化为机体组织所必需的氨基酸。它取决于：
- Protein source
蛋白质来源 - Number of amino acids in the food
食物中的氨基酸数量 - Availability
有效性
Proteins that provide large portions of all essential amino acids are considered high-quality proteins.If that protein source is lacking essential amino acids or they cannot be absorbed by the body, then it is considered a low-quality protein.
优质蛋白质可以提供大部分必需氨基酸，而低质量蛋白质乏必需氨基酸或不能被机体吸收
In many cases, to avoid this, multiple protein sources may be fed in one diet to prevent the absence of certain amino acids.在许多情况下，为了避免这种情况，在一种狗粮中搭配多种蛋白质来源，可以预防某种氨基酸的缺乏。
How Much Protein Does My Dog Need?
我的狗狗需要多少蛋白质？
The minimum dietary protein requirement for a growing dog is 18% dry matter, or DM, and 8% DM for an adult dog. This is based on feeding a high-quality protein and again, is a minimum amount.
以摄入最少量的高质量蛋白质为基础进行计算，幼年犬的最低膳食蛋白质需求是 18% （以干物质计），而成年犬则为 8% （以干物质计）。
AAFCO recommends that the daily requirements for dog diets should contain at least 22% DM for growth and 18% DM for maintenance.
Current research states that there is no added benefit to excess protein in the diet. The maximum amount for any life stage should not exceed 30% DM.
AAFCO协会建议幼犬粮中蛋白质应包含至少 22%（以干物质计）和成犬粮应包含18%（以干物质计）。目前研究表明，狗粮中蛋白质过量并不会带来益处。任何生命阶段蛋白质最大含量不应超过 30% （以干物质计）。
Excess protein is otherwise excreted from the body, and in some conditions, can be harmful.
过量的蛋白质会从体内排出，在某些情况下可能产生损害。
Low-Protein Diets
低蛋白狗粮
Feeding a high-protein or low-protein diet for prevention and management of certain diseases is a debated topic in veterinary nutrition.
通过饲喂高蛋白或低蛋白狗粮以预防和管理某些疾病是兽医营养学中一个备受争议的话题。
Low-protein diets may be recommended for certain conditions to decrease the amount of ammonia that is present in the body. Ammonia is toxic to tissue and cells and is created as a byproduct of protein breakdown. Ammonia occurs in many locations in the body, but 90% of it is in the kidneys and liver.
在某些情况下，会推荐低蛋白饮食，以减少体内氨含量。氨对组织和细胞有毒，是蛋白质分解的副产品。氨存在于身体的许多部位，但其中90%存在于肾脏和肝脏中。
Reducing total protein intake and nonessential amino acids can help minimize the workload on these organs. It is best to consult with your veterinarian or a board-certified veterinary nutritionist if you are considering a protein-specific diet due to your dog’s condition.
减少总蛋白质摄入量和非必需氨基酸可以帮助减少这些器官的工作量。如果您因狗狗的状况而考虑特定蛋白质饮食，最好咨询您的兽医或兽医营养师。
Can Dogs Be Allergic to Certain Proteins?
狗会对某些蛋白质过敏吗？
Food allergies in dogs are uncommon and are determined after ruling out environmental and seasonal allergies. About 85% of itchy dogs have an allergy to insect bites (a condition called flea allergy dermatitis, or FAD) that causes a mild to severe immune response that can mimic other conditions.
狗狗食物过敏并不常见，一般要先排除环境因素和季节性过敏。大约 85% 狗狗发痒是对昆虫叮咬过敏（这种情况称为跳蚤过敏性皮炎或 FAD），会导致轻微甚至严重的免疫反应，并表现出其他病症情况。
Typically, dogs that present with skin and ear issues have a higher chance of having environmental or seasonal allergies.
通常，狗狗如果有皮肤和耳朵问题，他们对环境因素或季节性过敏免疫性更差。
Common skin allergies can often be managed by therapies such as
常见的皮肤过敏可以尝试以下疗法:
- Canine-specific allergy medications
犬类过敏药物 - Monthly parasite preventatives and repellants
每月寄生虫预防剂和驱虫剂 - Supplements
补充剂
If you are concerned about your dog having a potential food allergy or food aversion, speak with your primary care veterinarian or a board-certified veterinary nutritionist about a clinical food trial.
如果您担心狗狗有潜在的食物过敏或食物厌恶，请与您的保健兽医或兽医营养师讨论有关的临床食品试验。
Fat in Dog Food
狗粮中的脂肪
Fats are lipids that are solid at room temperature and are composed mainly of triglycerides. Dietary fats are the most concentrated form of energy in pet foods (2.25 times more calories than proteins or carbohydrates).
脂肪在室温下是固体的脂质，主要由甘油三酯组成。 膳食脂肪是宠物食品中最主要的能量形式（其热量是蛋白质或碳水化合物的 2.25 倍）。
Fat has many roles in the body, such as providing energy and helping with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. One of the most important roles is providing essential fatty acids (EFAs). EFAs help with inflammation at the cellular level and help dogs maintain healthy skin and coat quality. There are two important polyunsaturated fatty acids—omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
脂肪在体内有许多作用，如提供能量和帮助吸收脂溶性维生素，而最重要的作用之一是提供必需脂肪酸 (EFA)。 EFA 有助于细胞层炎症，帮助维持狗狗皮肤和毛发健康。其中，两种重要的多不饱和脂肪酸是omega-3 和 omega-6。
Deficiencies in fatty acids can decrease wound healing and create a dull and dry hair coat, and they may increase certain dermatological conditions. High-fat diets can increase the risk of obesity and also require an increase in vitamin E supplementation since it is involved in antioxidant protection.
缺乏脂肪酸会降低伤口愈合速度，使毛发变得干燥暗淡，并且可能会增加某些皮肤疾病。高脂肪饮食会增加肥胖的风险，并且还需要补充更多的维生素 E，提高抗氧化保护。
The requirement of fat for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins is 1% to 2% of the food.
吸收脂溶性维生素所需的脂肪占食物的1%～2%。
Sources of Fat in Dog Food
狗粮中脂肪的来源
There are quite a few sources of essential fatty acids that support a dog’s health. Linoleic acid (LA) is the precursor of arachidonic acid, (AA) which is an essential omega-6 fatty acid. Vegetable oils, chicken, and pork fat are rich sources of linoleic acid .
支持狗狗健康的必需脂肪酸来源相当多。亚油酸 (LA) 是花生四烯酸 (AA) 的前体，是一种必需的 omega-6 脂肪酸。植物油、鸡肉和猪肉脂肪的亚油酸含量较高。
Omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), may or may not be essential in a dog's daily diet.
Omega-3 脂肪酸、二十碳五烯酸 (EPA) 和二十二碳六烯酸 (DHA) 在狗够日常饮食中有时是必需的，有时确没有必要。
Omega-3 fatty acids may be recommended by your veterinarian to help reduce inflammation caused from conditions like arthritis, certain cancers, burns, dermatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and kidney disease. Omega-3 is also is a major player in keeping cartilage healthy and functional.Flaxseed, canola, and marine fish oils are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids.
兽医可能会推荐 Omega-3 脂肪酸，以帮助减轻关节炎、某些癌症、烧伤、皮炎、炎症性肠病和肾脏疾病等引起的炎症。 此外，Omega-3也是维持软骨健康和功能的主要因素。亚麻籽、菜籽油和海洋鱼油是 omega-3 脂肪酸的良好来源。
Carbohydrates in Dog Food
狗粮中的碳水化合物
One of the most important reasons for carbohydrates in a dog’s diet is to supply energy.Carbohydrates are needed in a dog’s daily diet as they provide energy in the form of glucose and are a main source of dietary fiber. The body craves glucose, and if it is not available with carbohydrates, then it will take amino acids away from other processes in the body.
狗粮中碳水化合物的最重要作用之一是提供能量。狗狗日常饮食需要碳水化合物，其以葡萄糖的形式提供能量，并且是膳食纤维的主要来源。机体需要葡萄糖，但如果没有碳水化合物，那么它会将氨基酸从体内中带走。
Carbohydrates also:
碳水化合物还可以:
- Generate heat in the body
在体内产生热量 - Form the base for other nutrients
形成其他营养物质的基础 - Can be converted into fat (some carbohydrates)
转化为脂肪（某些碳水化合物）
Growing animals and dogs that have high-energy needs should be fed a diet with at least 20% carbohydrates.
生长期具有高能量需求的动物和狗狗应该喂养的饮食中应至少含有 20% 碳水化合物。
Fiber From Carbohydrates
碳水化合物纤维
Fiber, a form of carbohydrate, is very important for a dog’s normal gastrointestinal function and health. It keeps the colon healthy along with the microbes of the gut. The measure of fiber is reported as crude fiber (the insoluble portions). Total dietary fiber is composed of both soluble and insoluble fibers.
纤维是碳水化合物的一种形式，对狗狗胃肠功能和健康非常重要，与肠道内微生物一起维持结肠健康。纤维含量一般报告为粗纤维（不溶部分）。总膳食纤维由可溶性和不溶性纤维组成。
Soluble Fiber
可溶性纤维
Soluble fiber retains water and generally makes a dog’s feces softer.可溶性纤维保留水分，可软化狗狗的粪便。
Common sources of soluble fiber are fruits and gums (gums also improve canned food texture). Gum is a term used for a group of viscous and sticky polysaccharides found in seeds and plants.
可溶性纤维的常见来源是水果和树胶（树胶还可以改善罐头食品的质地）。树胶是在种子和植物中发现的一组粘稠的多糖。
Many soluble fibers are also fermentable. Fermentable fibers can be used by a dog’s normal gut bacteria as an energy source. and They also produce short-chain fatty acids that can be used by cells in the intestines as an energy source (called prebiotics).
许多可溶性纤维也是可发酵的。可发酵纤维可以被狗狗正常肠道细菌用作能量来源，产生短链脂肪酸，被肠道细胞用作能量来源（称为益生元）。
Insoluble Fiber
不溶性纤维
Insoluble fiber comes from grains in a dog’s diet. It generally increases fecal bulk but does not soften feces as it cannot absorb water. It is added in the form of cellulose.
不溶性纤维来自狗饮食中的谷物，以纤维素的形式添加。它通常会增加粪便体积，因为不能吸收水分，无法软化粪便。
Many fiber types used for supplementation are mixed fibers with mostly soluble fiber characteristics. High-fiber diets are sometimes used to manage medical diseases such as diabetes mellitus, as well as certain gastrointestinal conditions and weight management.
许多补充性纤维是混合纤维，主要具有可溶性纤维特性。高纤维饮食有时用于治疗糖尿病等医学疾病，以及某些胃肠道疾病和体重管理。
Sources of Carbohydrates
碳水化合物的来源
Carbohydrates can be broken down into three groups:
碳水化合物可分为三组：
- Simple sugars
单糖 - Oligosaccharides
寡糖 - Polysaccharides
多糖
All three play a crucial role in the daily diet of dogs.
这三者在狗狗日常饮食中都起着至关重要的作用。
Polysaccharides, also known as complex carbohydrates, can be further defined based on how they are digested in the body. Sugars can be found in fruits and honey. Corn, wheat, rice, barley, oats, and potatoes are all good sources of starch (a polysaccharide) for dogs.
多糖，也称为复合碳水化合物，可以根据它们在体内的消化方式进一步定义。水果和蜂蜜多含糖，玉米、小麦、大米、大麦、燕麦和土豆都是狗狗可食用淀粉（一种多糖）的良好来源。
Depending on the level of digestibility (slow, moderate, or fast), wheat bran, rice bran, apples, and guar gum are good sources of starch for dogs. For a healthy dog, there is no such thing as a bad source of carbohydrates, but you can define them based on how they are digested in your dog’s body.
根据消化率速度，麦麸、米糠、苹果和瓜尔豆胶是狗狗饮食中良好的淀粉来源。对于健康的狗来说，碳水化合物来源没有界定，但您可以根据它们在狗体内的消化程度来进行选择。
The glycemic index ranks dietary carbohydrates based on how they affect the blood sugar (glucose). Carbohydrates that are lower on the index are considered for dogs that have glucose intolerance and may be used in certain medical conditions. There are a small number of clinical diseases that can be managed with these diets.
血糖生成指数根据膳食中碳水化合物对血糖（葡萄糖）的影响对其进行排名。指数较低的碳水化合物被认为适用于患有葡萄糖不耐症的狗狗，并且可用于某些医疗状况。有少量的临床疾病可以通过该种饮食来控制。
As always, these diets should only be used under the guidance of a board-certified veterinary nutritionist or your primary care veterinarian. If you are considering a nontraditional diet for your dog that is limited ingredient or without carbohydrates, it is very important that you speak with your primary care veterinarian or a board-certified veterinary nutritionist to determine what diet is best for your dog’s individual needs.
这种饮食一般只能在认证兽医营养师或保健兽医的指导下使用。 如果您正在考虑采用成分限定或不含碳水化合物的非传统饮食，请务必与保健兽医或认证兽医营养师沟通，以确定适合您狗狗的需求。
How Many Carbs Does My Dog Need?
狗狗需要多少碳水化合物？
There is no specific required amount of carbohydrates for dogs. AAFCO does not have a requirement for carbohydrates due to traditional preparations of commercial diets. Commercial dog foods contain enough carbohydrates to meet the daily amount of glucose that is needed. Glucose is needed to maintain the nervous system and keep it functioning normally.
对狗来说，没有特定的碳水化合物摄入量要求。由于商业狗粮的传统制作工艺，AAFCO 也没有规定碳水化合物含量要求。商业狗粮含有充足的碳水化合物来满足每日所需的葡萄糖量。葡萄糖是维持神经系统正常运转的必要营养素。
Dry dog foods typically contain 30-60% carbohydrates, with the majority being starch. Grains such as corn, rice, wheat, barley, and oats provide the bulk of starch and are well tolerated and absorbed in dogs due to commercial preparations. It’s important to note that a diet without any added carbohydrates will be higher in proteins and fats.
干狗粮通常含有 30-60% 的碳水化合物，其中大部分是淀粉。 玉米、大米、小麦、大麦和燕麦等谷物提供了大量的淀粉，并且对狗狗来说具有良好的耐受性和吸收性。应注意，不添加任何碳水化合物的狗粮中蛋白质和脂肪含量会更高。
Vitamins in Dog Food
狗粮中的维生素
Vitamins are very diverse and perform many different functions in a dog’s body, such as the creation of DNA, bone development, blood clotting, normal eye function, and neurologic function.
维生素种类繁多，并发挥不同的功能，如促进DNA生成、骨骼发育、血液凝固、维持眼睛功能和神经功能。
There are five characteristics for a nutrient to be considered a vitamin:
维生素具有五大特征:
- The nutrient must be an organic compound that is not a fat, carbohydrate, or protein.
有机化合物，不是脂肪、碳水化合物或蛋白质 - It is a required component of the diet.
饮食中的必要成分 - It is essential in small amounts for normal function.
含量少，但对于维持正常功能十分必要 - It causes a deficiency or decreases normal functioning when missing.
一旦缺乏会造成机体功能缺陷，不能正常运作 - It cannot be naturally synthesized (made in the body) in quantities sufficient to support normal function.
机体自身合成数量无法维持正常运作。
Consuming too many vitamins over the recommended dose can lead to toxicity and other complications. Deficiencies in one vitamin can also cause a cascade of issues since multiple vitamins are sometimes needed to complete a reaction. It’s very important to monitor sources of vitamins in a dog’s diet since deficiencies and excessive amounts can occur due to the inconsistencies in natural food products (liver, lungs). It may be preferred to use a vitamin and mineral supplement to ensure proper amounts.
超剂量摄入过多维生素会导致毒性和其他并发症。 一种维生素的缺乏也会导致一连串的问题，因为有时需要多种维生素共同作用。监测狗饮食中维生素的来源非常重要，因为天然食材（肝脏、肺）的特性不同可能会导致维生素缺乏和过量。 最好使用维生素和矿物质补充剂以确保适量摄入。
Which Vitamins Do Dogs Need?
狗需要哪些维生素？
There are quite a few vitamins that dogs require from their food. They can be separated into two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble.
狗狗需要从食物中摄取相当多的维生素。 总体可以分为两类：脂溶性和水溶性。
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
脂溶性维生素
Fat-soluble vitamins require bile salts and fat in order to be absorbed in a dog’s gut. There are four fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, and K. Due to the way fat-soluble vitamins are stored and used by the body, they are at the highest risk for deficiency and/or toxicity.
脂溶性维生素需要胆汁盐和脂肪才能被狗的肠道吸收。 有四种脂溶性维生素：A、D、E 和 K。由于脂溶性维生素被机体储存和使用方式的因素，导致维生素缺乏和/或中毒的风险最高。
Vitamin A
Vitamin A, also known as retinol, is essential for normal vision, growth, reproduction, immune function, and healthy skin.
维生素 A，也称为视黄醇，对正常视力、生长、繁殖、免疫功能和健康皮肤至关重要。
AAFCO recommend 5,000 IU/kg DM for dogs for all life stages.Vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness and skin issues. Toxicity can occur with over-supplementation and can cause bleeding and abnormal bone growth and formation.
AAFCO建议狗狗全生命周期的维生素 A摄入量为 5,000 IU/kg DM。维生素A缺乏会导致夜盲症和皮肤问题。过度补充可能会发生毒性，并可能导致出血和骨骼异常生长。
Natural sources with the highest amounts of vitamin A include
含量最高的维生素 A天然来源包括：
- Fish oil
鱼油 - Liver
肝脏 - Egg
蛋类 - Dairy products
奶制品
Vitamin A is not stable on its own, and in many cases, needs a protective coating to ensure absorption. Deficiencies can cause decreased eating or anorexia, stunted growth, dull hair coat, and weakness. Toxicities can cause stunted growth, anorexia, and bone fractures.
维生素 A 本身并不稳定，在许多情况下，需要保护层来确保吸收。 缺乏会导致进食减少或厌食、发育迟缓、毛发暗淡和虚弱。 中毒会导致发育迟缓、厌食和骨折。
Vitamin D
Vitamin D, also known as cholecalciferol (D3) and ergocalciferol (D2), is essential for dogs since they are unable to produce it naturally in the body. Vitamin D helps the intestine with absorption and helps to retain calcium and phosphorus in the bone.
维生素 D，也称为胆钙化醇 (D3) 和麦角钙化醇 (D2)，对狗来说是必不可少的，因为它们无法在体内自然产生。维生素D有助于肠道吸收，并有助于将钙和磷保留在骨骼中。
AAFCO recommends 500 IU/kg DM for dogs for all life stages. Marine fish and fish oils are the richest natural sources, but they can pose a risk for overdose. Other sources include freshwater fish, eggs, beef, liver, and most dairy. The most common synthetic sources are vitamin D3 and vitamin D2 supplements. Deficiencies can cause rickets, enlarged joints, osteoporosis, and other bone issues. Toxicities can include hypercalcemia, decreased eating or anorexia, and lameness.
AAFCO建议狗狗全生命周期摄入量为 500 IU/kg DM。海洋鱼和鱼油是维生素 D最丰富的天然来源，但它存在过量服用的风险。 其他来源包括淡水鱼、鸡蛋、牛肉、肝脏和大多数乳制品。最常见的合成来源是维生素 D3和维生素 D2补充剂。维生素 D缺乏会导致佝偻病、关节扩大、骨质疏松症和其他骨骼问题。中毒会造成高钙血症、进食减少或厌食以及跛行。
Vitamin E
Vitamin E, also known as alpha-tocopherol, functions as an antioxidant in the body.
维生素 E，也称为 α-生育酚，在体内起到抗氧化剂的作用。
Deficiency can cause decreased eating or anorexia, skin and immune issues, and neurologic concerns in dogs. It is the least toxic fat-soluble vitamin. Toxicity is rare but can interfere with clotting times and mineralization of the bones.
维生素 E缺乏会导致狗狗进食减少或厌食、皮肤和免疫问题以及神经系统问题。它是毒性最小的脂溶性维生素，但会干扰凝血时间和骨骼的矿化。
AAFCO recommends 50 IU/kg DM for dogs. Only plants synthesize vitamin E. Vegetable oils, seeds, and cereal grains have the richest sources of vitamin E for dogs.
AAFCO 建议摄入量为 50 IU/kg DM。只有植物才能合成维生素 E。植物油、种子和谷物对狗狗来说是最丰富的维生素 E来源。
Vitamin K
Vitamin K, also known as menadione, is involved in blood clotting and bone development.
维生素 K，也称为甲萘醌，与血液凝固和骨骼发育有关。
There is no recommended allowance for vitamin K in dogs, but AAFCO recommends 1.64 mg/kg for puppies and adults.
没有针对狗狗的维生素K推荐量，但 AAFCO建议幼犬和成犬的维生素K摄入量为1.64 mg/kg。
Deficiencies of vitamin K can cause prolonged clotting times and hemorrhage. They can occur due to underlying medical conditions that impair absorption of vitamin K in the gut (such as inflammatory bowel disease). Certain forms of vitamin K can cause anemia and jaundice.维生素K缺乏会导致凝血时间延长和出血。某些基础疾病会阻碍肠道中维生素 K 的吸收（例如炎症性肠病）。某些形式的维生素 K 会导致贫血和黄疸。
If vitamin K supplementation is recommended by your veterinarian, ask which sources would be best for your pet. Foods such as alfalfa meal, oilseed meals, liver, and fish meals are rich sources of vitamin K.
如果兽医建议补充维生素 K，请询问哪些来源最适合您的宠物。苜蓿粉、油籽粉、肝脏和鱼粉等食物都富含维生素K。
Water-Soluble Vitamins
水溶性维生素
Water-soluble vitamins are readily absorbed and used in a dog’s body. Because of their rapid use and no available storage in the body, deficiencies are common.
水溶性维生素很容易被狗狗身体吸收和使用，由于它们被快速使用和在体内没有可用的存储，很容易导致缺乏。
There are nine essential water-soluble vitamins in dogs
狗狗体内含九种必需的水溶性维生素:
Thiamin (B1)
Thiamin (B1) is involved in many enzymatic reactions in the body and also helps with the nervous system.
硫胺素 (B1) 参与体内的许多酶促反应，也有助于神经系统。
AAFCO requires 1mg/kg DM for dogs regardless of their life stage. Thiamin-rich sources are whole grains, yeast, and liver. Animal tissue and meat can be good sources as well.
AAFCO 建议狗狗在全生命周期都需要摄入1mg/kg DM。富含硫胺素的食物来源是全谷物、酵母和肝脏。动物组织和肉类也是很好的来源。
Thiamin deficiencies are rare due to the adequate amount of thiamin that is present in commercial dog food. A deficiency can cause heart and nervous system issues such as decreased eating or anorexia, weight loss, muscle weakness, seizures, ataxia, and enlargement of the heart. Overdoses can cause decreases in blood pressure and heart and respiratory issues
由于商业狗粮中存在足量的硫胺素，很少见硫胺素缺乏症。一旦缺乏会导致心脏和神经系统问题，例如进食减少或厌食、体重减轻、肌肉无力、癫痫发作、共济失调和心脏扩大。过量服用会导致血压下降以及心脏和呼吸问题。
Riboflavin (B2)
Riboflavin (B2) is involved in many systems in a dog’s body.
核黄素 (B2) 涉及狗狗体内的许多系统。
AAFCO requires 2.2 mg/kg DM for dogs.Deficiencies are uncommon, but they can cause stunted growth and weight loss, as well as neurological, skin, heart, and eye issues. Overdoses are not common and have minimal side effects.
AAFCO 建议狗狗摄入量为 2.2 mg/kg DM。很少见核黄素缺乏症，一旦缺乏会导致发育迟缓和体重减轻，以及神经、皮肤、心脏和眼睛问题。过量摄入并不常见，且副作用很小。
Pyridoxine (B6)
Pyridoxine (B6) is involved in amino acid metabolism along with other body systems. It also helps with the creation of neurotransmitters.
吡哆醇 (B6) 与其他身体系统一起参与氨基酸代谢，助于产生神经递质。
The AAFCO recommended amount is 1mg/kg. Vitamin B6 is found in many sources of foods and in the highest amounts in meats, whole-grain products, vegetables, and nuts. Deficiencies can cause decreased eating or anorexia, weight loss, stunted growth, anemia, convulsions, weakness, and kidney issues. Toxicities appear to be rare, but they may include signs of ataxia, signs of weakness, and falling down.
AAFCO 推荐量为 1mg/kg。维生素 B6食物来源众多，其中肉类、全麦产品、蔬菜和坚果中含量最高。缺乏会导致进食减少或厌食、体重减轻、发育迟缓、贫血、抽搐、虚弱和肾脏问题。很少见毒性，但可能出现共济失调的迹象、虚弱和跌倒。
Niacin (B3)
Niacin (B3) is involved in many enzymatic and physiologic reactions in a dog’s body.
烟酸 (B3) 参与狗体内的许多酶促和生理反应。
The AAFCO requirement is 11.4 mg/kg DM. Foods rich in niacin are yeast, animal/fish by-products, cereals, legumes, and oilseeds. Niacin is added to most commercial pet foods. Deficiencies include decreased eating or anorexia, diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, stunted growth, soft tissue damage to the oral cavity (such as necrosis of the tongue), drooling, and in some cases, death. Toxicities are rare but can cause blood in the feces and convulsions.
AAFCO建议摄入量为 11.4 mg/kg DM。富含烟酸的食物包括酵母、动物/鱼类副产品、谷物、豆类和油籽。大多数商业宠物食品中都添加了烟酸。烟酸缺乏会造成进食减少或厌食、腹泻、皮炎、痴呆、发育迟缓、口腔软组织损伤（如舌头坏死）、流口水，在某些情况下甚至死亡。毒性很少见，但会导致粪便带血和抽搐。
Pantothenic Acid (B5)
Pantothenic acid (B5) helps with the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrates, along with other body systems. It plays a crucial role in the production of energy.
泛酸 (B5) 有助于脂肪、蛋白质和碳水化合物以及其他身体系统的新陈代谢，具有激发能量的重要作用。
AAFCO recommends 10mg/kg DM for dog s of all life stages. It is found in all foods, but highest in meats (liver and heart), rice and wheat bran, alfalfa, peanut meal, yeast, and fish. Calcium pantothenate is the predominant form added to pet foods.
AAFCO 建议狗狗全生命阶段摄入量为10mg/kg DM。泛酸 (B5)广泛存在于所有食物中，但在肉类（肝脏和心脏）、大米和麦麸、苜蓿、花生粉、酵母和鱼中含量最高，主要以泛酸钙形式添加到宠物食品中。
Deficiencies are very rare, but they can cause weight loss, a weakened immune system, and heart issues. No toxicity levels are noted in dogs, but it can cause gastrointestinal upset in large doses.
泛酸缺乏症非常罕见，但它们会导致体重减轻、免疫系统减弱和心脏问题。毒性不明显，但大剂量会导致胃肠道不适。
Cobalamin (B12)
Cobalamin (B12) is the largest and most complex of the B vitamins. It is involved in the metabolism for many systems in a dog’s body, such as folate, and is important to cell function.
钴胺素 (B12) 是最大和最复杂的 B 族维生素。它参与狗体内许多系统的新陈代谢，如叶酸，并对细胞功能很重要。
The AAFCO requirement is 0.022 mg/kg for dogs.
AAFCO 建议狗狗摄入量为0.022 mg/kg。
Certain microorganisms are able to create cobalamin. Plants have very small amounts of vitamin B12. Meat and some milk products are good sources. Deficiencies are not common, but they can cause anemia, poor growth, and neurologic issues. Long-term feeding of certain vegetable-based diets can lead to a lack of vitamin B12. Toxicities are not known in dogs but can cause abnormal reflexes and other neurologic conditions.
某些微生物能够产生钴胺素。植物中维生素 B12含量少，而肉类和一些奶制品是很好的来源。维生素 B12缺乏症并不常见，但会导致贫血、生长不良和神经系统问题。长期采用素食喂养会导致维生素 B12 缺乏。毒性未知，但会导致异常反射和其他神经系统疾病。
Folic Acid (B9)
Folic acid (B9) helps with the synthesis of DNA and purines.
叶酸 (B9) 有助于 DNA 和嘌呤的合成。
AAFCO recommends 0.18mg/kg DM for dogs. Folic acid is found in many foods (liver, egg yolks, and green vegetables), but it can be unstable or destroyed by heating, freezing, and storing in water. Deficiencies can include decreased eating and an inability to maintain or gain weight, decreased immune function, and blood issues (anemia, clotting issues). Certain medications (sulfa drugs) can interfere with absorption. No toxicities are known in dogs.
AAFCO 推荐狗狗摄入量为0.18mg/kg DM。叶酸存在于许多食物（肝脏、蛋黄和绿色蔬菜），但其稳定性不高，加热、冷冻和水中储存都会对其产生破坏。叶酸缺乏可能造成包括减少进食和无法维持或增加体重、免疫功能下降和血液问题（贫血、凝血等）。某些药物（磺胺类药物）会干扰其吸收。 对狗狗无毒性。
Biotin (B7 or H)
生物素
Biotin (B7 or H) is involved in many reactions in a dog’s body that help with metabolism of fats, sugar, and amino acids.
生物素（B7 或 H）参与狗体内的许多反应，有助于脂肪、糖和氨基酸的代谢。
There is currently no recommended amount for dogs.
目前没有针对狗狗的推荐量。
Biotin is present in many foods, but in low quantities. Oilseeds, egg yolks, alfalfa meal, liver, and yeast have the most biotin. Many times, commercial pet foods have biotin supplemented.
生物素存在于许多食物中，但含量很少。 油籽、蛋黄、苜蓿粉、肝脏和酵母中的生物素含量最高。大部分商业宠物食品都补充了生物素。
Deficiencies in dogs are rare but can occur after feeding raw egg whites and certain antimicrobials. Raw egg whites can bind to biotin and make it unavailable to a dog’s body. A decrease in biotin can cause an increased production of keratin, along with dermatitis, hair loss, and a dull coat. There may be signs of stunted growth along with neurologic issues. No toxicities are known.
很少见狗狗缺乏生物素，但在喂食生蛋清和某些抗菌剂后可能会发生。 生蛋清可以与生物素结合，使其无法进入狗狗体内。 生物素的减少会导致角蛋白的增加，以及皮炎、脱发和皮毛暗淡。可能有发育迟缓的迹象以及神经系统问题。无明确毒性。
Choline胆碱
Choline is found in cell membranes. It decreases fat absorption in the liver, is important in clotting and inflammation, and helps with other body functions. Dogs can synthesize choline in the liver. It is not considered a vitamin but is essential and is added to many commercial diets.
胆碱存在于细胞膜中，减少肝脏中的脂肪吸收，对凝血和炎症很重要，并有助于其他身体功能。 狗可以在肝脏中合成胆碱。 虽然不被认定为维生素，但胆碱是必不可少的，并被添加到许多商业狗粮。
AAFCO recommends 1,200 mg/kg DM for dogs. Egg yolks, glandular meals, and fish are the richest animal sources, while cereal germs, legumes, and oilseed meals are the best plant sources. Deficiencies include fatty livers (in young dogs), increased blood clotting times, stunted growth, kidney issues, and decreased eating or anorexia. No toxicities are known in dogs. All-natural fats contain some choline. Lecithin is an effective emulsifying agent in foods and is the form of choline ingested in most foods.
AAFCO 建议狗狗摄入量为 1,200 mg/kg DM。蛋黄、腺体粉和鱼是最丰富的动物性来源，而谷物胚芽、豆类和油籽粉是最好的植物性来源。胆碱缺乏会造成包括脂肪肝（幼犬）、凝血时间增加、发育迟缓、肾脏问题以及进食减少或厌食。对狗无毒性。纯天然脂肪含有一些胆碱。卵磷脂是一种有效的食品乳化剂，是大多数食物中摄入胆碱的形式。
Do Dogs Need Vitamin Supplements?
狗狗需要维生素补充剂吗？
A completely balanced and formulated diet has all the daily vitamins that your dog would need. Many commercial pet food diets are fortified to meet your dog’s vitamin requirements.
任何营养均衡的配方狗粮都含有狗狗所需的全部日常维生素。 许多商业宠粮配方都经过科学调制，以满足您狗狗的维生素需求。
Minerals in Dog Food
狗粮中的矿物质
Minerals are main structural components of the body’s organs and tissues, body fluids and electrolytes, and muscle contractions. They are involved in enzyme and hormone systems.
矿物质是机体器官和组织、体液和电解质以及肌肉收缩的主要结构成分，参与酶和激素系统。
There are two kinds of minerals: macro-minerals and trace minerals. Both have daily requirements for dogs, but in different amounts.Minerals help with many functions of a dog’s body and support structures. Without a completely balanced mineral profile, many biological systems will stop functioning, which can lead to serious medical conditions and even death.
矿物质分两大类：常量矿物质和微量矿物质。狗狗对两者都有需求，但含量不同。矿物质有助于狗狗机体多项功能和支撑结构系统。如果没有平衡矿物质成分，许多生物系统将停止运作，可能导致严重的疾病甚至死亡。
Which Minerals Do Dogs Need?
狗狗需要哪些矿物质
There are different types of macro-minerals and trace minerals that are needed to create a complete and balanced dog food.
营养均衡的狗粮需要不同类型的常量矿物质和微量矿物质。
Macro-Minerals
常量矿物质
Macro-minerals are required at greater than 100mg/Mcal. Below are the required macro-minerals.
常量矿物质需求大于 100mg/Mcal， 以下是所需的常量矿物质。
Calcium (Ca)钙
Calcium (Ca) makes it possible for teeth and bones to maintain their shape and is actively involved in balancing calcium in a dog’s bone. It is also very important in cell communication and is involved in blood clotting, muscle function, and nerve transmission.
钙 (Ca) 使牙齿和骨骼能够保持其形状，积极参与平衡骨骼中的钙。 钙 (Ca) 在细胞通讯中也非常重要，参与血液凝固、肌肉功能和神经传递。
About 99% of all calcium is stored in the teeth and bones.Too little or too much calcium can create an imbalance in phosphorus-calcium levels. Deficiencies in calcium can cause bone reabsorption, decreased growth, decreased eating or anorexia, limping, lameness, fracturing of the bone, loose teeth, and convulsions. Low calcium can occur in kidney failure, pancreatitis, and eclampsia.
大约 99% 的钙储存在牙齿和骨骼中。钙过少或过多都会导致磷钙比失衡。钙缺会导致骨重吸收、生长减少、进食减少或厌食、跛行、骨折、牙齿松动和抽搐。肾衰竭、胰腺炎和子痫等疾病会导致钙量过低。
Supplementation may be required but should be done under the strict supervision of a veterinarian due to the risks of mineral imbalance. Excess amounts of calcium can cause limb lameness and joint swelling. It can also cause certain conditions such as secondary hyperparathyroidism.
在补充钙时，由于存在矿物质失衡的风险，应在兽医的严格监督下进行。钙过量会导致肢体跛行和关节肿胀，还可能导致其他状况，例如继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症。
Phosphorus (P)
磷
Phosphorus (P) is vital in many tissues and functions in a dog’s body. It is the second structural component of bone, teeth, RNA, and DNA. It is important for cell growth, cell energy use, and amino acid and protein formation.
磷 (P) 在狗体内的许多组织和功能中都至关重要，是骨骼、牙齿、RNA 和 DNA 的第二个结构性组成部分，对细胞生长、细胞能量利用以及氨基酸和蛋白质的形成很重要。
AAFCO recommendations are 0.8% for growth and 0.5% for maintenance (adults). Most of the phosphorus comes from a dog’s diet and is available more readily in animal-based ingredients than plant-based ingredients (phytic acid). Meat tissue (poultry, lamb, fish, beef) is high in phosphorus, followed by eggs, milk products, oilseeds, protein supplements, and grains. Deficiencies can cause pica, decreased growth, poor hair coat, and bone fractures. Excessive amounts can cause loss of bone mass, urinary stones, the inability to gain weight, and calcification of tissues and organs.
AAFCO 建议生长期摄入量 0.8% ，成犬期0.5%。大多数磷需要狗狗通过饮食摄入。与植物性食材（植酸）相比，从动物性食材中更容易获得磷。肉类（家禽、羊肉、鱼、牛肉）磷含量很高，其次是鸡蛋、奶制品、油籽、蛋白质补充剂和谷物。磷缺乏会导致异食癖、生长减少、毛发变差和骨折，过量会导致骨量减少、尿路结石、体重无法增加以及组织和器官的钙化。
Magnesium (Mg)镁
Magnesium (Mg) is involved with the structural composition of bones, plays a role in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, and is a part of neuromuscular activity.
镁 (Mg) 与骨骼的结构组成有关，在碳水化合物和脂肪的代谢中发挥作用，是神经肌肉活动的一部分。
AAFCO recommends 0.04% DM for growth and 0.08% DM for maintenance (adult dogs). Bone products (such as bone meal or lamb meal), oilseed, flaxseed, soybean meal, unrefined grains, and fibers are good sources of magnesium.
AAFCO推荐生长期摄入量为 0.04% DM，成犬期0.08% DM。骨制品（如骨粉或羊肉粉）、油籽、亚麻籽、豆粕、粗粮和纤维是镁的良好来源。
Deficiencies can cause stunted growth, muscle contraction and mobility issues, and decreased eating or anorexia. High levels can cause stone formation and paralysis. Kidneys are very important in the regulation of magnesium. The use of certain drugs (cyclosporin, diuretics, etc.) and certain medical conditions can cause an imbalance.
镁缺乏会导致发育迟缓、肌肉收缩和活动能力问题，以及进食减少或厌食。镁过量会导致结石形成和瘫痪。肾脏在调节镁方面非常重要。使用特定药物（环孢菌素、利尿剂等）和某些疾病会导致镁含量失衡。
Potassium (K)
钾
Potassium (K) is the most abundant inside the cells of a dog’s body. It helps in many functions of the body, such as maintaining acid-base balance and osmotic balance, transmitting nerve impulses, and muscle contractility. It is not stored in the body and needs to be supplemented in the diet.
钾 (K) 是狗体内细胞中含量最多的元素，有助于机体多项功能的维持，例如酸碱平衡和渗透平衡，传递神经冲动和肌肉收缩力。 由于无法储存在体内，需要在饮食中补充。
AAFCO recommends 0.6% DM for dogs in all life stages. Soybean meal, unrefined grains, fiber sources, and yeast are excellent sources of potassium. Deficiencies can cause decreased eating or anorexia, lethargy, and trouble walking. Over-supplementation is rare but can cause heart and muscle issues.
AAFCO建议全生命周期狗狗钾摄入量为 0.6%DM。豆粕、粗粮、纤维来源和酵母是钾的极好来源。钾缺乏会导致进食减少或厌食、嗜睡和行走困难。很少见钾过量，但会导致心脏和肌肉问题。
Sodium (Na) and Chloride (Cl)
钠和氯化物
Sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) are important in maintaining osmotic pressure, acid-base balance, and what enters and leaves the body’s cells. Sodium is also important in calcium absorption and the absorption of several water-soluble vitamins.
钠和氯化物对于维持渗透压、酸碱平衡以及进出人体细胞的物质很重要。钠有助于钙的吸收和多种水溶性维生素的吸收。
Deficiencies can cause decreased eating or anorexia, weakness, fatigue, and hair loss. Over-supplementation does not typically occur unless good, quality water is not readily available, but it can cause constipation, seizures, and in some cases, death.
钠和氯化缺乏会导致进食减少或厌食、虚弱、疲劳和脱发。 除非每日饮水量不足，通常不会补充过度，超剂量会导致便秘、癫痫发作，在某些情况下甚至会导致死亡。
Trace Minerals
微量矿物质
Trace minerals, also known as microminerals, are required at less than 100mg/Mcal. Below are the required trace minerals.
微量矿物质，也称为矿物质，含量不应少于100mg/Mcal。以下是狗狗所需的微量矿物质。
Iron (Fe)铁
Iron (Fe) Iron is very important for oxygen transport throughout a dog’s body. Deficiencies can cause anemia, a rough coat, lethargy, and stunted growth.
铁有助于狗狗全身的氧气运输。一旦缺乏会导致贫血、毛发粗糙、嗜睡和发育迟缓。
AFFCO recommends 80mg/kg for dogs in all life stages. Foods rich in iron are most meat ingredients (organ meats—liver, spleen, and lungs) and some fiber sources. Excessive amounts in the diet can lead to decreased eating or anorexia, weight loss, and liver issues.
AFFCO 建议狗狗全生命周期的摄入量为 80mg/kg。大多数富含铁的食材是肉类（器官类——肝、脾和肺）和一些纤维。饮食中的过量摄入会导致进食减少或厌食、体重减轻和肝脏问题。
Copper (Cu)铜
Copper is important in the formation and actions of different enzymes in a dog’s body, hemoglobin formation (oxygen movement), cardiac function, bone and myelin formation, connective tissue development, and immune function. The liver is the main location of copper metabolism.
铜有助于狗体内不同酶的形成和作用，血红蛋白形成（氧气运动）、心脏功能、骨骼和髓鞘形成、结缔组织发育和免疫功能。肝脏是铜代谢的主要场所。
AAFCO recommends a minimum of 7.3mg/kg DM for dogs.
AAFCO 建议狗的最低摄入量为 7.3mg/kg DM。
Most meats (organ meats from cattle in particular) are rich in copper. The availability of copper in food can vary, making it hard to supplement.
大部分肉类（尤其是牛的内脏）富含铜。不同食材中铜含量差异较大，很难补充。
Deficiencies can cause abnormal growth, changes in hair color, bone issues, and neurological conditions. Certain breeds of dogs are susceptible to liver toxicity from too much copper (Bedlington, West Highland White, and Skye Terriers). Excessive amounts can cause hepatitis and increases in liver enzymes.
铜缺乏会导致异常生长、头发颜色变化、骨骼问题和神经系统疾病。某些品种的狗易因摄入过多铜而产生肝毒性(贝灵顿犬、西高地白犬和斯凯犬)。过量会导致肝炎和肝酶升高。
Zinc (Zn)锌
Zinc is involved with over 100 enzyme functions, protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, skin and wound healing, and the immune system. Zinc is not a toxic substance, but over-supplementation is not recommended since it can interact with other minerals and decrease absorption.
锌有助于100 多种酶功能、蛋白质合成、碳水化合物代谢、皮肤和伤口愈合以及免疫系统。锌不具毒性，但不建议过度补充，因为它会与其他矿物质相互作用并降低吸收。
AAFCO recommends 120mg/kg DM for dogs. Foods high in zinc are most meats and fiber sources. Deficiencies include decreased eating, stunted growth, hair loss, a weakened immune system, and growth disorders. Certain arctic breeds can have deficiencies (Alaskan Malamutes and Siberian Huskies) that may require supplementation even with adequate dietary food levels.
AAFCO 建议狗狗摄入量为 120mg/kg DM。含锌量高的食材大多数是肉类和纤维。锌缺乏会导致饮食减少、发育迟缓、脱发、免疫系统减弱和生长障碍。某些北极品种狗狗可能会缺乏锌元素（阿拉斯加雪橇犬和西伯利亚哈士奇），即使膳食摄入水平足够，也可能需要补充。
Manganese (Mn)锰
Manganese is involved in many systems, such as fat and carbohydrate metabolism and bone and cartilage development.
锰有助于维持多项身体机能，例如脂肪和碳水化合物的代谢以及骨骼和软骨的发育。
AAFCO recommends 5 mg/kg DM for dogs. Foods rich in manganese are fiber sources and fish meals. Deficiencies can cause deformities of the bone and poor growth.
AAFCO 建议对狗使用量为5 mg/kg DM。纤维和鱼粉是锰的重要来源，缺乏会导致骨骼畸形和生长不良。
Selenium (Se)硒
Selenium is involved with the immune system, protects cells from oxidative damage, and is involved in normal thyroid function.
硒参与免疫系统，保护细胞免受氧化损伤，并参与正常的甲状腺功能。
AAFCO requirements are 0.11mg/kg DM for dogs. Fish, eggs, and liver are food products that are high in selenium. Deficiencies are rare since vitamin E can act as a replacement for selenium in some functions. Prolonged deficiencies can cause a decrease in eating and edema of the body. Excessive amounts can cause vomiting, muscle spasms, falling and weakness, excessive drooling, decreased eating or anorexia, trouble breathing, foul-smelling breath and odor from the mouth, and nail issues.
AAFCO 规定狗狗摄入量为 0.11mg/kg DM。鱼、蛋和肝脏是硒含量高的食材。硒缺乏症很少见，因为维生素 E 在某些功能中可以替代硒。长期缺乏会导致进食减少和身体水肿。过量会导致呕吐、肌肉痉挛、跌倒和虚弱、过度流口水、进食减少或厌食、呼吸困难、口臭以及指甲问题。
Iodine (I)碘
Iodine is involved with proper function of a dog’s thyroid. The thyroid helps regulate body temperature and is involved in growth and development, skin and hair repair and care, and neuromuscular function.
碘有助于维持狗甲状腺的正常功能，可调节体温，并参与生长发育、皮肤和头发修复和护理以及神经肌肉功能。
AAFCO recommends 1.5mg/kg DM for dogs. Fish, eggs, and iodized salts are food products that are high in iodine. Iodine supplements typically found in commercial foods include calcium iodate, potassium iodide, and cuprous iodide.Deficiencies and excessive amounts cause the same medical issues such as a goiter, including enlarged thyroid glands, hair loss, lethargy, weakness, decreased eating or anorexia, and fever.
AAFCO 建议狗狗摄入量为1.5mg/kg DM。鱼、蛋和碘盐是碘含量高的食材。在商业狗粮中常用碘补充剂包括碘酸钙、碘化钾和碘化亚铜。缺乏和过量会导致相同的疾病问题，如甲状腺肿，包括甲状腺肿大、脱发、嗜睡、虚弱、进食减少或厌食以及发烧。
Water Requirements for Dogs
狗狗饮水量需求
Water is considered the most important nutrient since it performs many important functions, such as:
水是最重要的营养物质，因为它具有许多重要功能，如：
- Regulating body temperature
调节体温 - Breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
分解碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪 - Providing shape and structure to the body
维持身体形状和结构 - Keeping the shape of the eye
维持眼睛形状 - Lubricating joints
润滑关节 - Protecting the nervous system
保护神经系统
Dogs get water through their diet and by simply drinking water. In general, the average daily water requirement for a healthy, altered dog is 2.5 times the amount of dry matter they eat. Another way to think of the amount of water a dog should consume daily is that it is equal to the amount of energy (food content) that is taken in. This depends on many factors that affect the body (age, gender, size, stress, etc.) and the volume of dry matter that is consumed through the diet.
狗通过饮食和饮水来获取水分。一般来说，一只健康绝育狗狗的平均每日需水量是它们所吃干物质量的 2.5 倍。另一种说法是狗每日消耗的水量应等于其摄入的能量（食物含量）。这取决于多种因素（年龄、性别、品种、精神状态等）和饮食消耗的干物质数量。
On average, a dog being fed a moist diet will drink less water throughout the day due to higher moisture content (about >75% less). Dogs should have continuous access to clean and fresh water. It is also important to monitor their daily intake and notify your veterinarian of any increases or decreases.
通常，由于水分含量较高（约少 75%），喂食湿性狗粮后狗在一天中喝水更少。给狗狗提供足量的干净水源。监控每日摄入量并通知兽医饮水增加或减少的情况。
Can I Make My Own Balanced Dog Food?
我可以自己制作营养均衡的狗粮吗？
Nontraditional diets, including home-prepared meals for dogs, are completely possible, and with some medical conditions, may be needed. Keep in mind that not all foods that benefit people can be absorbed, tolerated, or are even safe for your dog.
非传统饮食，包括为狗准备家常饭菜，是完全可能的，甚至在某种疾病时，可能十分必要。请记住，并非所有有益于人类的食物都能被狗狗吸收、耐受，甚至是安全的。
As a pet owner, you should consult with an expert in the field to ensure that your pet’s individual daily requirements are met. Consider a consultation with a board-certified veterinary nutritionist or a primary care veterinarian who practices advanced nutritional health to ensure that all meals are balanced and formulated for your dog’s lifestyle and needs.
作为宠物主人，您应该咨询该领域的专家，以确保满足您宠物的个体日常需求。咨询认证的兽医营养师或保健兽医，以确保所有膳食均衡，并且适合您的狗狗需求。
